A curriculum in simple terms is the aggregate of subjects/courses and topics that are being or should be offered in schools. Defensiveness may set in, making it difficult to even initiate the change. Ng, S. B. Often, there is an information gap between policy makers, curriculum developers, curriculum implementers, and society at large. If you find yourself asking “What is our big picture?” then … Change causes unease. Limited funding capacities 2. One effective method is to involve teachers in the process of curriculum development. Ng, S. B. Research on identifying the barriers to the full implementation of a curriculum is needed. Thus, communication plan and identification of change agents is of utmost importance. Beauchamp (1975) described the system as consisting of the “personnel organisation and the organised procedures needed to produce a curriculum, to implement it, to appraise it, and to modify it in light of experience” (p. 59). However, readiness for change must first be ensured before monitoring and regulatory measures step in. B. Macdonald & R. R. Leeper (Eds. Cronin-Jones’s (1991) study on science teachers discovered the ‘screens’ as beliefs about how students learn, the teacher’s role in the classroom, the ability levels of students, and the relative importance of content topics. With the 2017 introduction in the United States of the Every Student Succeeds Act, or ESSA (US With a systems approach, the objectives are always placed in the center of decision-making. (1975). In other words, to motivate teachers to adopt to curriculum change, they need to be convinced that they are contributing towards education at large, and that their contribution will make a difference in the lives of their students. Curriculum materials in Mathematics education reform: A framework for examining teachers’ curriculum development. It is only when the people within the organisation make their own personal transitions to adapt and change that the organisation can reap the benefits of change (International Bureau of Education [IBE], 2013; Cameron & Green, 2012). For the curriculum implementers to deliver what has been put forth in the curriculum documents carrying the national aspiration, the support system must be in place. endstream endobj startxref It takes time and persistence. Government officers include those from the planning, developing, regulatory, and monitoring departments at various levels. Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2012). Common challenges are described below, along with suggestions on how to address these challenges: programme through planning, this will facilitate smooth implementation of the curriculum. Britain: Kogan Page. Last year, a committee at the district level came together to choose a new math curriculum. Adapted from Creating thoughtful classroom, implementation of thoughtful science curriculum by master teachers, by S. B. Ng, 2010, p. 33. The study was carried out to identify the challenges facing the implementation of integrated business studies curriculum in public day secondary schools in Kirinyaga west District, Kenya. Issues of Curriculum Planning, Design, and Implementation | 145 tive. %PDF-1.5 %���� Effective curriculum engineering is essential to reduce the gap between the aspired curriculum and the implemented curriculum. It musthave philosophical psychological, social and economicbasis.• The important element of coherence and components of interaction between these sub-systems must be put in place so that the silo mentality does not hinder the success of the curriculum implementation. Often, issues of curriculum implementation stem from a silo mentality among these governmental offices. Kotter, J. P. (2012). Developing and documenting the curriculum. Another factor in the curriculum planning is student. Keywords: Curriculum Implementation, Change Management in Curriculum Implementation. There is a real need to pay more attention to the process of establishing mechanisms that facilitate change which ultimately support teachers’ classroom instruction (IBE, 2013) in a more sustainable manner. Copyright 2010 by Lambert Academic Publishing. Planning curriculum for schools. They play an important role in shaping the school curriculum. The study employed a qualitative research approach which utilized a case study research design. An international comparative study of school curriculum. Community involvement include professional organisations, civil society, as well as individuals in the community. Often, there is a problem with the orchestration of a large-scale systemic change, and a failure to deliberate human factors sufficiently. The development of school curriculum in many countries is still very centralized. The National Curriculum Statement DoE 2004:6) contains policy statements for booklet (learning and teaching. (1965). In the process, policies and strategies need to be developed and its implementation monitored. Unavailability of school facilities 3. Be knowledgeable about an integrated definition of curriculum implementation 2. implementation process and how these challenges and problems are overcome. The biggest challenge in education is to convince the huge numbers of implementers of the change and to sustain that change. It is important to be aware that there are stakeholders other than school leaders and teachers who are involved in many different ways as curriculum affects them directly or indirectly as shown in Table 1. B. Planning can be defined as a practice aimed at preparing the education system to address the future Beauchamp (1975) specifically relates it to the “commitment of teachers to use the curriculum as a point of departure for the development of instructional strategies” (p. 165). In other words, it helps to eradicate illiteracy, which is one of the strongest predictors of poverty [8] Thus primary educati… } The KICD report indicated that key among the challenges facing CBC implementation was the issue of teaching and learning resources. The “Big Picture” isn’t clearly defined. }. [� The role and responsibility of various stakeholders has to be ascertained and action plans have to be drawn up at state, district, and school levels. (2010). The biggest challenge in strategic change is however the phase after planning, the successful implementation of the strategy that is needed and developed. University of Sussex, United Kingdom. Curriculum is a political agreement; it outlines the government’s national agenda (IBE, 2013). (2013). As Olson, Slater and Hult (2005) say it, ‘doing is harder than dreaming’. It is true that there are a lot of challenges in implementing curriculum as teacher educators. Definition of Curriculum Planning: Is the process of structuring academic experiences, using expertise knowledge of the teacher. It is also used for laying the foundation for a sustainable growth and development of any nation. There is a need to recognize that change does not happen in isolation, as it impacts the whole organization, the whole system. These included lack of resources, inadequate training and heavy workloads. 5512 0 obj <> endobj The identification and deliberation of the stakeholders’ role in curriculum implementation is essential in discussing change management. The National School Curriculum as a program of learning is a highly sensitive document as it contains the aspiration of the nation, preparing its citizen to face future challenges. A Rational Static Model for Linking a Curriculum Plan and Instruction. h��T�kA;��m��I�!���X!�v�|lK�m%���eI@/�`c�kl�'�Z�C�ɏB (1986). Research on curriculum and instruction implementation. This requires us to look upon curriculum as a system (Beauchamp, 1975; Ornstein, 1995; Saylor & Alexander, 1974). Poor time management by school administrators and teachers 3. The key idea is to bring stakeholders from the current situation to the new one. Cronin-Jones, L. L. (1991). Generally teachers feel motivated when what they do benefits society, and they are able to spend a sufficient proportion of their time working with children. Thus, the characteristics of students need to be a consideration in making any curriculum plan. The process of planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating various parts of the system necessitates intelligent and sometimes shrewd maneuvering. What is Curriculum Planning? Understanding the barriers involved would require determining teachers’ experience when facing a new innovation or change (AIR, 2016). Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. (1977). (2015). [email protected] National level change will definitely incur huge cost. The first perspective on curriculum implementation equates it with instruction, or the actual teaching and learning that happened in the class. educational planning is about and (ii) to provide insight into the major challenges that educational planners face, particularly those in developing countries. Curriculum development: Theory into practice (3rd ed.). While private sector may use a substantial portion of its fund, up to 20% to introduce and spearhead change, the public sector may spend up to only 1% only of its available resources on change-oriented efforts and in many instances educators might even work overtime without extra pay to adjust to the change (IBE, 2013). This is not surprising as curriculum implementation entails extensive and concerted involvement of many stakeholders. %%EOF The scope is confined to the lessons conducted by teachers, a result of teacher’s implementation of the curriculum in the classroom. Issues and Challenges in Curriculum Implementation Non participation of teachers who are the curriculum implementers in curriculum planning constitutes a clog in the effectiveness and efficiency of their work as curriculum implementers. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 335–397. Teachers’ inputs are crucial in creating such realistic design and procedures. One interesting barrier to this commitment is teachers’ fear of interference and imposition onto their autonomy in deciding the teaching strategies they think are appropriate to their students (Beauchamp, 1975). Science teacher beliefs and their influence on curriculum implementation: Two case studies. Employing systems management in curriculum implementation is yet another challenge as a silo mentality has been the norm in many administrations. It involves continuous decision making and actions. Be able to assess the extent to which explicit, hidden, and absent curricula function in everyday classrooms 3. Implementing a new curriculum for primary school, a case study from Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). In J. Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (1993). This entails establishing a comprehensive long-term plan covering areas of teacher education, resource production and distribution, assessment, professional development, supervision, and monitoring. People generally have a tendency towards conservatism and trying to maintain the status quo. Existing literature on curriculum implementation looks at the issue from two perspectives, curriculum implementation as instruction and curriculum implementation as a change process. 1. A curriculum is a set of courses, course work and topics, offered in schools. In N. P. Ololube, P. J. Kpolovie, & L. N. Makewa (Eds. The study investigated challenges facing the implementation of curriculum in public secondary schools in Suba Sub-County of Homa Bay County. These gaps are inevitable as there is no perfect system that ensures seamless coordination between the different sectors involved. Primary education is the core of development and progress in modern societies. This takes time and much planning. implementation of curriculum; to determine the extent to which integration of in other subjects influence the implementation of curriculum. The community members can provide expertise, and resources to aid curriculum implementation. Change management focuses on the people who affect the change (Cameron & Green, 2012) and a structured approach which aims to ensure coordination and coherence. Macdonald, J. Beauchamp (1975) proposed that curriculum planners consciously create more flexible curriculum design and institute realistic implementation procedure to counter this fear. Teachers need to be motivated to implement curriculum change. The stakeholders need evidence to convince them of the worthiness of such change and to give them the confidence that this change will produce better outcomes. The Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(1), 44–59. This might be one reason for the gap between the aspired curriculum and curriculum implementation. Teaching and learning resources 4. This paper looks into the various factors influencing curriculum implementation, especially looking at it as a change process. It is the activity which teachers get involved in before the actual implementation. Following this perspective, acceptance of change, change agents, commitment to change, and the roles of stakeholders are the focus. endstream endobj 5513 0 obj <>/Metadata 299 0 R/Pages 5510 0 R/StructTreeRoot 349 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 5514 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 594.96 841.92]/Parent 5510 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 5515 0 obj <>stream In the process of translating curriculum into actual classroom instruction, teachers have been found to consciously or subconsciously consider factors such as these ‘screens’ in making curriculum decisions. Washington, D. C.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum. Challenges Pre-School Teachers Face in the Implementation of ... hallmarks of planning as far as such curriculum. They write lesson plans or unit plans daily, weekly, or yearly. �Vp9��ÿ��� �ӉNMڃ{���p�� ��JhSڏ��[v��2�Y80�0�ޓ/�ЬG�>{%qtB����ky5ռ��9���]��*=��xJ��J�8 6. Although classroom instruction is the most direct manifestation of curriculum change, one needs to look from a broader and deeper perspective; as instruction changes to be aligned with curriculum change, a sustainable change in teachers’ behavior is probably what policy makers desire; a leading edge shift in the way textbooks are written is actually what society requires; and, ultimately, a change in how community and society view education and learning outcomes is the ultimate purpose of the curriculum change. In A. C. Ornstein & L. S. Behar (Eds. Figure 1. The important element of coherence and components of interaction between these sub-systems must be put in place so that the silo mentality does not hinder the success of the curriculum implementation. Curriculum Implementation as a Change Process. Tanner, D. & Tanner, L. (1995). Making sense of change management (3rd ed.). These challenges have consequently undermined the effective implementation of the curriculum in order to attain the goal it was designed for. They are responsible in the formulation of the schools’ vision and mission which must be aligned with the curriculum change. Sign up to get the latest journals, news and events from APRACSI. Challenges to Curriculum Planning 2. Curriculum Implementation as Classroom Instruction. Parents will be more involved in their children’s education process, and ministries of education will have a much clearer understanding of the gaps and challenges (in connectivity, hardware, integration of digital tools in the curriculum, teacher’s readiness) that exist in using technology effectively and act upon that. The publication frequency of the Asia Pacific Journal on Curriculum Studies is once or twice a year. Quality and quantity of teaching staff 5. In such instances, curriculum implementation might suffer as the teachers might not be ready for the change, or resources and infrastructure have not been made sufficient. B: Pupil needs, interests, capabilities, role in planning, C: Educational environment - class organisation, materials, administrative support and constraints, D: Teacher’s final decision on an appropriate instructional plan. Curriculum, instruction and supervision: Their relationship and the role of the principal. (2013). Besides the curriculum system, there are many other systems at work in the educational institutions as shown in the Appendix. curriculum, however curriculum face challenges in its implementation. } New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. It is a policy and technical agreement with the people as it consists of the expectations of the society (IBE, 2013). It is a document of hope. It is the engagement of learners with the curriculum and the planned learning opportunities (Fullan & Pomfret, 1977; Macdonald, 1965; Saylor, Alexander, & Lewis 1981). Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. While a number of private schools had the resources, there was a near total lack in public schools, a circumstance that compromises the implementation of the curriculum. Students are the very reason a curriculum is developed; their active and direct involvement will make or unmake the curriculum. School principals are curriculum managers. Curriculum is a political agreement; it outlines the government’s national agenda (IBE, 2013). Through literature reviews and research findings, Makewa and Ngussa (2015) found that working with children is the main determinant of teacher’s job satisfaction. Successful curriculum implementation often implies a change of habit; in other words, it is a cultural change. This paper investigated the challenges facing teachers in implementing competence based curriculum in secondary schools in Tanzania. Each system is essential for the effective running of educational institutions at various levels. Fullan, M., & Pomfret, A. In ensuring effective curriculum implementation, one need to consider it from the perspective of both instruction and change. Vision and objectives must be clear; action plans strategic and thorough; agents of change and leadership identified. Saylor, J. G., Alexander, W. M., & Lewis, J. J. �ޞR�4E�T���1��^ˇ*�&��!Zr?Bgr� o3>O�WC�1�����&���"y���@{^�uw����{M�X���Y�>�����3�?�;'������C��Q��ֶK�#��m ^MD-{����QUCU�X�RM5I�6��i��3M5i�$��l��5#I+¢�jBYV²R���sV���` ��pz)�O����Cܰ�|cH�b�x.W[�*��5��e�:�sղ��VxNY�ekL���l��T����l�b�\�P�MZ-� �f�/]��X��F�}�+�K! © Asia Pacific Research Association on Curriculum Studies, Inc. 0 endstream endobj 5516 0 obj <>stream University of London, United Kingdom. It needs the support of both the government and the people. 281¬–287). Effective parental involvement in school affairs is linked to high- quality educational experiences for the students. Illinois: The KAGG Press. Saylor, W.M. Fullan & Pomfret (1977) asserted that “implementation is not simply an extension of planning and adoption processes, it is a phenomenon in its own right” (p. 336). Training tools for curriculum development: A resource pack for gender-responsive STEM education. Curriculum development• Problems of planning an effective andintegrated curriculum are not simple.• A good curriculum involves out of harddedicated and intelligent work conducted oncontinuous bases. This is especially true for changes in education systems which affect many members of society. The paper reports on the challenges faced by the curriculum developers in implementing multilingual education in Fiji classrooms. Examples of such change are from teacher-centered to student-centered learning and from a focus on national examinations to school-based assessment. The development and implementation of the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary School (KBSM) in Malaysian secondary schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The planning and carrying out of these systematic processes is known as curriculum engineering (Beauchamp, 1975; Ornstein & Hunkins, 1993). Ornstein, A. C. (1995). Japan: NIER. Its danger, of course, is in its deception, in its propensity to give people the illusion and appearance of significant change. Saylor, J. G., & Alexander, W. M. (1974). Teachers’ willingness to participate should not be taken for granted; teachers need to be motivated to implement changes in curriculum. This study looks at the challenges facing educators in implementing the National Curriculum Statement for Further Education and Training (i.e. Challenges in Curriculum Implementation . 5. 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